The Attack on Pearl Harbor

To better understand the attack on Pearl Harbor we must first go to the origin of the problem. Japan had little resources and they depended on trade, trade was the only thing keeping them going as a nation. According to Conroy, author of Pearl Harbor reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War, â€Å"The fundamental causes of the pacific war go back to the turn of the century. International relations were then characterized by politics, aggressive nationalism, and western colonialism. These forces worked to enlarge the empires, glory, and wealth of the individual nation-state. Japan wanted to expand into Indochina so that they could salvage the oil resources from Southeast Asia and make their nation more powerful. One very important trade resource that Japan relied on was oil. Without oil Japan’s army would be useless. Japan wanted to expand because they wanted a more powerful united Asia. When the U. S. found out Japans plans to expand they wanted to take action and put an end t o it, but they didn’t want to start another war. So the U. S. peacefully asked Japan to stop trying to expand themselves into Indochina.But, Japan didn’t want to because they were desperate and needed these resources to make their nation greater. The U. S. , Britain, and the Netherlands then took action and restricted Japan from being able to buy oil and other resources which would make Japans army and navy weak and meaningless. Japan was furious about this restriction and so they only saw two options one to try and get the oil restriction lifted and still allow them to take what territory they wanted or two they were going to go to war. Japan knew that if they were to go to war with the United States that they would lose so they made one last attempt with the U.S. Japans Prime Minister, General Tojo Hideki made one last attempt to negotiate a settlement without resorting to war on November 29, 1941, but the U. S. felt that Japans attempt to dominate other territories to make their nation stronger and more resourceful was cruel, so they kept the embargo on Japans oil and other resources. Now Japan started making preparations for war. Hideki knew the attack on Pearl Harbor would cripple the U. S. Pacific fleet and make it possible for Japanese to carry on with their plans of creating a stronger empire and expanding into China and other nations.Hideki and other leaders of Japan sought out the perfect plan to attack Pearl Harbor. Their Plan was to sneak attack Pearl Harbor on a beautiful morning with clear weather. Zuber expresses Japans urge to move in on Pearl Harbor he says,† Yamamoto’s Pearl Harbor attack was at cross-purposes with years of Japanese strategic planning and preparation, and was so illogical that if it succeeded in delaying the US counter-attack by six months, it would force the US to adopt the long-war strategy that spelled certain Japanese defeat.Readers will be astounded to learn that Yamamoto was so intent on sinki ng obsolete American battleships, estimating that this would fatally demoralize (! ) the United States, that he was willing to sacrifice a large part of his carrier force and strike aircraft to achieve that objective, indeed was willing to conduct the attack even if the Japanese were detected 24 hours out. † Canfield states† By 6 December 1941, warnings of war in the Pacific had been, percolating, and Japanese Ambassadors Kichisaburo Nomura and Saburo Kurusu were still negotiating in Washington ,†so if they were to attack now the U.S. wouldn’t detect them. On November 26, 1941 Japanese set sail for Hawaii with a fleet of 33 warships, an auxiliary craft, and 6 aircraft carriers. They took a northern route and cut off their radio so that they wouldn’t be detected by the U. S. Hanyok says, â€Å"Japanese radio intelligence discovered that the British monitoring site in Hong Kong had identified and tracked the large ships. (It is not known if the Japanes e realized that American naval radio intelligence had done so as well. Alerted to the vulnerability of its communications to foreign RI, the Japanese naval command was compelled to devise a counter plan. † On December 7, 1941, The Japanese fleet had reached their destination. The first wave of fighters, bombers, and torpedo planes had departed at 6 a. m. to the entrance of Pearl Harbor. They even made preparations for five mini submarines to abide submerged below Pearl Harbor until the attack took place. Burlingame states, â€Å"At first, Yamamoto banned their use, because he feared that they would be spotted by American patrols prior to the attack.The designers and crews of the midget submarines, however, devised an underwater method of launching the midget submarines from the backs of â€Å"mother† submarines, and Yamamoto reluctantly approved  their use. † Then they were instructed to do as much damage as possible from below with their torpedoes. A little be fore 7 a. m. Opana point detected a signal of massive air flight heading their way from the north. But they were assumed to be aircraft flights from the carrierEnterprise or a scheduled flight of the B-17s from mainland, so no actions were taken.Vice Admiral Nagumo  was given orders to attack Pearl Harbor by Yamamoto at 7:55 a. m. It is said that the attack lasted for almost three hours but it is hard to define the actual length of the attack because Japanese attacked many different airfields of the base. The locations included Hickam, Wheeler, and Bellows airfields, Ewa Marine Corps Air Station and many more. The ending results of the attack on Pearl Harbor included four U. S. Navy battleships sunk, caused another to capsize and severe damage to four more.Japan also sank and damaged three cruisers and destroyers, one minelayer, and 188 aircrafts. The attack injured 1,282 and killed 2,402 U. S. servicemen. America tried to fight back but only little damage was done to the Japanese . The Japanese only loss four midget subs and 29 aircrafts, with about 65 Japanese men killed or severely injured. In the end Japan came out of the attack on Pearl Harbor victorious. They crippled the U. S. Pacific fleet like they planned and crushed America’s pride.Although Japan came out victorious things only got worse for them, little did they know that the attack on Pearl Harbor was only opening the door to their own self-destruction. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Conroy, Hilary. 1990. Pearl Harbor Reexamined : Prologue to the Pacific War. n. p. : University of Hawaii Press, 1990. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost  (accessed September 30 , 2012). [ 2 ]. Zuber, Terence. 2012. â€Å"Book Review: Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions By Alan D. †Ã‚  War In History  19, no. : 257-258. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed Septemb er 29, 2012). [ 3 ]. Canfield, Eugene B. 2004. â€Å"ALL SIGNS POINTED TO PEARL HARBOR. †Ã‚  Naval History  18, no. 6: 42-46. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 30, 2012). [ 4 ]. Hanyok, Robert J. 2009. â€Å"How the Japanese Did It. †Ã‚  Naval History  23, no. 6: 44-50. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 26, 2012). [ 5 ]. Burlingame, Burl. 2011. â€Å"Setting a Trap. †Ã‚  Cobblestone  32, no. 9: 20-22. History Reference Center, EBSCOhost  (accessed September 26, 2012).

Htm100 – Assignment 1 – Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries

Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries Name School HTM 100 Professor Name February 3, 2013 Careers in Lodging and Food and Beverage Industries The hospitality industry is a very lucrative and rewarding career choice. Choosing a career in this field is not for the faint at heart. A career in this industry requires an individual that is ambitious, self-motivated, and has a charismatic personality. However, the hard work comes with many personal and financial rewards. Hospitality covers all careers that can come underneath the lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation, and tourism.However, this paper will go in depth explaining the role of general management, growth of employment, and human resource practices that should be used when hiring within the lodging and food and beverage industries. The management careers that are available in the lodging and the food and beverage industries are general manager, director of food and beverage, executive hous ekeeper, director of security, executive chef and quite a few more. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar a year business, and having excellent management and support staff is critical to the success of the business.Management is a very important key factor within the lodging and the food and beverage industries. This is why having an excellent General Manager is so critical to the success of the many organizations that exist within the lodging and food and beverage industry. A General Manager or (GM) has broad, overall responsibility for a business or organization. A General Manager has the power to hire, fire, or promote employees. A manager may be responsible for one functional area, however the General Manager is responsible for all areas.A General Manager is responsible for higher level planning than a manager. A General Manager is often responsible for the overall strategic planning and direction of the company or organization and leaves the day-to-day managemen t of the various functions to the managers (F. John Reh, 2013). In the lodging industry the General Manager or (GM) is responsible for making sure all facets of the hotel or lodging structure is running properly. They must provide owners with a reasonable return on investment, keep guest satisfied and returning, and keep employees happy.This may seem easy, but because there are so many interpersonal transactions and because hotels are open every day, all day, the complexities of operating become challenge that the general manager must face and overcome. The GM not only focuses on leading and operating the hotel departments but also on aspects of the infrastructure, from room atmosphere to security (Walker, 2013). If a restaurant is inside of a hotel, then the food and beverage division is overseen by the general manager of the hotel.In this scenario the person that runs the food and beverage division is referred to as the director of food and beverage. In this case, the director rep orts to the general manager of the hotel. However, if there is a free standing restaurant, bar, or lounge; there is a general manager who is responsible for the entire operations of that establishment. If the restaurant, bar, or lounge is a freestanding establishment, the owner will sometimes double as the general manager and do the job on their own without hiring someone.Sometimes owners will hire an individual to fill the job as General Manager, especially if they have invested in a restaurant and do not have any experience in how to run it properly. If the food and beverage establishment is located within a hotel even though the general manager is responsible for all aspects of the hotel, as stated earlier, the GM depends on the director of food and beverages to run this division. The director of food and beverage has many job duties and is responsible for the efficient and effective operation of the following departments: * Kitchen/Catering/Banquet * Restaurants/Room Service/Min ibars Lounges/Bars/Stewarding When taking all of the above areas in consideration, it could be stated that it could be harder to oversee the food and beverage division within hotel than in a freestanding restaurant. This is because a freestanding restaurant does not have to oversee room service and minibars that are located in the guest rooms. When reviewing all of the departments that a general manager is responsible for within the lodging and the food and beverage industries, it would make one wonder what is the overall growth rate within this industry. As far as restaurants are concerned, growth is looking strong for this year.According to the National Restaurant Association, many private sector jobs were added in the fourth quarter of 2012. â€Å"Two days after a Commerce Department release that showed real gross domestic product (GDP) contracted for the first time in more than three years, the latest jobs report boosted economic spirits with stronger than expected private sect or hiring in the fourth quarter of 2012. Despite the mixed signals, the underlying fundamentals of the economy remain positive, which points toward an improving business environment in 2013 (National Restaurant Association, 2013).The restaurant industry is not the only one that has a pleasant future. The hotel industry also seems to have a bright and optimistic future. Look at what the Bureau of Labor Statistics had to say. â€Å"The vast majority of workers in the hospitality industry — more than eight out of 10 in 2004 — were employed in service and administrative support  positions. Employment of hotel, motel and resort desk clerks is expected to grow faster than some other occupations in the industry. Hotels also employ many workers in part-time and seasonal jobs. Hospitality industry fear not!Despite an unemployment rate that’s higher than the national average, hotel jobs and hospitality jobs are actually on the rise. Projected to grow 17. 7% through 201 4, the most popular hotel jobs and hospitality jobs continue to be waiters and waitresses. Oh, and the employment rate for hospitality jobs is at an all-time high as well† (AOL JOBS, 2013). Now that it has been established that the lodging and food and beverage industries have made it through the recession and is a strong and growing industry; what does a general manager do to make sure they are hiring the best possible employees?Many may think that anyone can work in the hospitality industry, but nothing is further from the truth. The hospitality industry requires an individual that is hard working, flexible, and a warm, confident personality. These are the following attributes a general manager should look for when hiring a potential employee. * Communication – when interviewing look for eye contact and well-formed answers to interview questions. * Multi-Tasking – look for examples from their past work indicate an ability to multi-task by asking two or three pr onged questions that relate to slightly different topics. Attitude – look for a candidate that smiles and provides answers to questions that hint at optimism. * Flexibility – look for open-minded candidates who can explain to you why flexibility is important. The above qualities are exactly what an employee needs to possess in order to be an asset to the hiring organization. In conclusion, the lodging and food and beverage industries are very challenging but lucrative industries.Both industries have made it through the recession and now that people are starting to travel and eat out more it is more imperative than ever that this industry has quality employees to keep their guest happy and the industry moving forward. One of the areas of importance is that organizations in this industry hire general managers that are able to keep their business successful by doing the most important part of hospitality which is keeping their guest happy. It is also imperative that the g eneral managers make the proper hiring choices when filling positions within their organization.If all facets of the business are met, this can ensure the length and prosperity of the lodging and food and beverage industries. References . AOL JOBS. (2013). Hospitality & hotel jobs outlook. Retrieved from http://jobs. aol. com/hospitality-jobs/ F. John Reh. (2013). General manager. Retrieved from http://management. about. com/od/policiesandprocedures/g/gm1. htm Labor Systems Job Center. (2013). What makes a good hospitality employee? Retrieved from http://blog. laborsystems. com/2010/12/01/what-makes-a-good-hospitality-employe

Bruce Dawe

The poet’s role is to challenge the world the see around them. ’ How far is this true for the poetry of Bruce Dawe? How (ie through what techniques) Does Dawe achieve this? Discuss a maximum of 2 poems. Bruce Dawe is one of the most inspirational and truthful poets of our time. Born in 1930, in Geelong, most of Dawe’s poetry concerns the common person – his poems are a recollection on the world and issues around him. The statement ‘The poet’s role is to challenge the world they see around them. Is very true for Bruce Dawe, as his main purpose in his poetry was to depict the unspoken social issues concerning the common Australian suburban resident. His genuine concern for these issues is evident through his mocking approach to the issues he presents in two of his longer poems, ‘Enter without so much as Knocking’ and ‘Life-cycle’. Both poems have a similar theme the cycle of life, the mass-production and lack of unique ness. ‘Enter without so much as Knocking’ shows how consumerism has a negative impact on society. The poem depicts the life of a typical man, living in the suburbs. It starts off with the birth of a child. The sentences are intentionally made short and clear. As the baby begins to conceive the world he has been brought into, he sees signs, commands and expectations. Dawe stresses the point that the first thing that the baby heard was a voice of consumerism on television, as opposed to the voices of his family. The baby has been brought into a materialistic world – a world where such an important event has just occurred, a new member of the family has been born, and yet the television is on and Bobby Dazzler is preaching his false cliches to the household. Hello, hello, hello all you lucky people† Followed by a comment highlighting the innocence of the child – Bobby Dazzler’s false heartiness and slogans do not influence the child. ‘and he really was lucky because it didnt mean a thing to him then’ Dawe believes that the child is lucky because he knows nothing of this repetitive deceit of civilisation. The theme really starts to come through here – these people are brainwashed by television so much so that consumerism is a religion for them. He is ferociously denouncing suburban life and the fact that people worship the television set. In the next stanza his family is described. The household is described with terms that we see as marketing slogans – â€Å"Well-equipped, smoothly-run, economy-size† These terms give the feeling of mass production – just as well-equipped, smoothly-run, economy-size cars, these sorts of households must have been very common. Again the fact that these people lack individuality is being focused on and it is disputed whether this is correct. The rest of the family are presented as stereotypes. â€Å"one economy sized Mum, one Anthony Squires- Coolstream – Summerweight Dad, along with two other kids, Straight off the Junior Department rack. Every aspect of this family is described in a sexist, impersonal, monotonous manner. His siblings aren’t described by their sex or age – they are just summarised as children who wear the same clothes as everyone else. and regulations imposed upon him everywhere he goes. The purpose of this stanza was to show that the car journey described in it is a fairly accurate representation of this boy’s life. The first sign of any emotion in the poem is â€Å"He enjoyed†, the child’s opinion, in the fourth stanza. He is challenging this world of people with iced-over emotions. The child is still innocent in this stage of his life – he is enthralled by nature, uninfluenced by material things, and not staring into the screen watching people make â€Å"incomprehensible and monstrous love† as all of the adults are. Children are innocent until we pollute their minds with the filth of society is what Dawe is saying. Owen describes the sky as â€Å"Littered with stars†, ironically, as the stars are pure and not soiled with the filth of mankind. Thus by saying the sky is littered with stars, he is taking the point of view of society – the fact that they would want to bring order and conformity to everything. These stars are scattered across the sky in an unorderly fashion, and â€Å"no one had got around to fixing [them] up yet†. He is highlighting that society takes beautiful, unadulterated natural things and pollutes them with their rules and regulations. Moving from childhood to the middle ages in but a few lines, highlighting that it’s not worth entioning the rest of his childhood, as it was all had too much of a resemblance to what has already been said. There is a quick and noticeable change of tone as the man is described as a â€Å"money-hungry†, â€Å"back stabbing† and â€Å"miserable†, no longer the image of innocence as he was portrayed in the first 4 stanzas. Not guarded by adolescence any more, he enters the real world and is instantly polluted with the filth of society. He says goodbye to the stars – their natural splendour no longer interests him, he is now a part of the materialistic world. He will no longer show any emotion, and he is now ‘realistic’, in other words, fake. The following dialogue is a symbol of the man’s beliefs, what he has been taught and what he now accepts morally. â€Å"I’m telling you straight, Jim, it’s Number One every time for this chicken, hit wherever you see a head and kick whoever’s down† The basic message behind this dialog is the fact that you have to get your own way in life – thinking of no-one else but yourself. Use people, backstab, kick them when they’re down – everything is justified as long as you end up on top. Bruce Dawe notices that a large percentage of the population live by these morals, and he is showing through the example of this man how futile such a materialistic life really is. An abrupt change in the dialog and we hear the words of the man thanking a woman, Clare, for a lovely evening. The readers hold their breath, thinking that maybe there still is some humanity left in this man who has just said such harsh words. But in the sixth stanza it is revealed that he was merely being two-faced and fake. He is in the car with his wife. There are no signs of affection, his wife is just like another possession to him. I’ve had enough for one night, with that Clare Jessup,† Here he reveals the truth – a total opposite of what he told Clare herself. Or perhaps this too is not the truth, and he is also lying to his wife in order to gain sympathy. At the end of the paragraph Dawe abruptly stops the man in mid sentence and leaves only a dash, showing how quickly and sudde nly one can lose ones life. In the seventh paragraph the true extent of people’s brainwash is underlined. Such a tragic event has just occurred, and the funeral guests pay attention to only the materialist aspects of his death. They notice that he looks very good, tanned, healthy. This could also be a paradox for the fact that what people look like on the outside can be the opposite of what they are – the insincerity in society. The unsympathetic guests are emotionless and fake, just like he was. Dawe then describes the place the man goes after death as an underground metropolis – underground hinting that due to his dishonest nature and lack of morals he went to hell. â€Å"permanent residentials, no parking tickets, no taximeters ticking, no Bobby Dazzlers here, no down payments, nobody grieving over halitosis† It is a place with none of the materialistic beliefs that litter this world. It is imposed that people in our world grieve over halitosis, or bad breath, but as we saw at the funeral, do not grieve over death. He’s six feet down and nobody’s interested – they’re all too busy going about their own selfish, self-centred lives. â€Å"Blink, Blink. . Silence. † The last word is not done in block letters, as all of the other signs – because it is not a sign. There is silence in the cemetery already, and there is no-one to hush up there. â€Å"Momento, homo, quia pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A definition of this epigraph is very important to the moral of this poem. Remember, man, that thou art dust, and unto dust thou shalt return. † This ties in with the theme of this man’s whole life going past, and having no impact on the world. Having lost his individuality, he fitted in with society only when he gave into mass-conformity and consumerism. The futile cycle of human lives in a materiali stic world is portrayed in this poem, underlining all of the shallowness and facades in society. It is clear that Bruce Dawe’s purpose in writing this poem was to challenge this cycle that he observed, and to show people, through only a few moments in a person’s life, the extreme of this problem. Blinded by materialistic things this man sacrificed his morals and ethics, no longer caring for his fellow humans, or for nature. And neither did those around him. Dawe is showing us how lonely and emotionless a person’s life can really be. The other poem, ‘Life-cycle’, is one of his well-known poems that deals with how Victorians are influenced by football. It ridicules the fact that football for people has become like a religion. Not speaking of a specific event as in ‘Enter without so Much as Knocking’, this poem describes the general cycle of life of a resident of Victoria. From birth people are encouraged to barrack for their teams, and build a life around football. This ‘religion’ is implied on the ‘innocent monsters’ by their parents and surroundings. â€Å"they are wrapped in the club-colours, laid in beribboned cots, having already begun a lifetime’s barracking† Dawe is showing that this will be the purpose of the child’s life. He will grow up living breathing football, and worshipping it without giving a second thought to the true purpose of life. Using simple structure and simple language, he is able to best convey his morals to the common people that it affects. Gently mocking people with his vibrant expression of the game, with Christian symbolism he compares it to the bible – highlighting that it is, but shouldn’t be regarded of the same importance as Christianity. â€Å"They will forswear the Demons, cling to the saints and behold their team going up the ladder into Heaven† Dawe describes the actual important things in life – marriage, proposals, as just a sidetrack to football, done quickly in between games. Football is the focus of these people’s lives – anything else is merely a diversion to football and should be taken care of quickly so that they can get back to the game. the reckless proposal after the one-point win, the wedding and the honeymoon after the grand-final†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We almost begin to pity these poor people, to whom living their lives has taken second place in importance to football. By using triumphant words such as ‘behold’ ‘passion’ and ‘em pyrean’ Dawe is showing great sarcasm, as he did with the Christian symbolism. It is like he is asking the readers why football is now as important to the Victorians as their religion, and highlighting the fact that it is not supposed to be like this. having seen in the six-foot recruit from Eaglehawk their hope of salvation† Bruce Dawe purposefully makes the last word of the poem salvation. This word, generally associated with heaven, and the fact that living a good, Christian life will lead to our salvation and we will go to heaven, not hell. But it is not from God that these people gain their salvation – they see salvation in the recruit, the strong football player who has come to play for their team and could bring the team victory. With that Dawe makes obvious the skewed priorities of these people, and how futile and pointless their existence is. Carn, carn’ they cry, from birth unto death, never knowing anything else, never living. We can see by Dawe’s techniques and words in both of these poems that his main purpose was to open the public’s eyes to the mishaps of society. He challenges society, pointing out all of the injustices and hardships that ordinary people face every day. He shows us how we can become selfish and materialistic, and how we can become so involved in something that we no longer recognise the beauties of life and nature. He makes these morals accessible to all people through his simple poetry, communicating his ideas and ethics accurately.

An analysis on the US-UK relationship through the 20th century Essay

An analysis on the US-UK relationship through the 20th century - Essay Example The award also significantly reiterated the special relationship between the UK and the United States that has been commenced earlier in the century when both fought together as allies in World War II. While the US-UK relationship seemed to gather different views from political scientists and analysts regarding its extent as to whether it is based on friendship or simply for being allies, it is herein argued that the US- UK relationship is based on the two country's special alliance, which continues to exist because of mutual benefits and advantages, and which can be dismantled should these benefits and advantages cease to exist. This view is supported by contentions based on an analysis of the US- UK relationship through the 20th century with consideration on the history of the Anglo- American relationship, the factors that joined and continues to bind the The link between Great Britain and the United States as two separate and distinct nations originally started as a hostile relationship, such as has been commenced in the American Revolutionary War where the United States originally struggled against the political and economic policies of Great Britain as the thirteen British colonies. The years that followed after America gained its independence in the American Revolutionary War were marked by several wars and disputes between the two countries among which included the War of 1812 which took place, in part, because of impressments of American sailors by the Royal Navy, and because of trade embargoes by the British during the Napoleonic Wars. The disputes were appeased following the 1814 conclusion of the Treaty of Ghent which have settled nothing on the issues and causes of the British- American war but has been greatly considered to have accomplished much in that the presentation of divergent views at Ghent in 1814 greatly facilita ted future negotiations between the two countries (Hill 128). The years following the Ghent treaty were still marked with disputes but the two nations were able to settle their differences through negotiations. The twist in the hostile relationship, however, commenced during World War I when the United States helped the Allied Powers, led by Russia, France and the United Kingdom fight against the Central Powers by providing money, food and other needs to the Allied armies. The relationship later developed as a strong alliance during the Second World War during which the United States abandoned its neutrality and already took more roles in the war. In what can be YourSurname 3 considered as Britain's worst fight, America's decision to enter the war and fight on the side of Britain was an assurance that victory is on the side of Britain. There therefore resulted an awareness that victory depended on the United States and which became the foundation of every major decision the British

Fiber Optic Security Systems Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fiber Optic Security Systems - Thesis Proposal Example They analyze the information such as calls, File systems and modifications application logs and other host information to detect and suppress attacks. Wireless IDPS: They are used to detect intrusions on the wireless system and rogue access points (unauthorized wireless access point used by hackers). Other IDPS systems PIDPS: (Packet Intrusion Detection System) used for packet sniffing to detect attacks. APIDS: It monitors a group of servers by analyzing and monitoring communication between the application protocols. Hybrid intrusion detection systems: Hybrid intrusion detection systems are more efficient and effective in detecting attacks and controlling them. They consist of a combination of several intrusion detection systems integrated into one device. The key function of IDPS systems are Detection of intrusion Recording of information on the detected events Notifying the administrator of the detected events Trigger preventive measures such as port blocking, limiting access of the suspect program as well as deleting infected files. The main parts of an IDPS system are: Sensor: generates the security event Console: monitors the event Engine: it records the events logged by the sensors in a specified database. 1.2.2 Methods of detecting intrusion Though there are many methods of detecting intrusions, the principal methods are: Signature based intrusion The IDPS detects a given pattern corresponding to a known threat. The known events are those that were detected and are known to cause harm in the past. For example, an email with an attached file (freepics.Exe) is usually a characteristic of malwares, or an operating system log with code 645 that depict that the host is disenabled or a...A malicious program or E-mail causes unwanted manipulation and alteration of information and files, deleting of vital information and emails, software corruption and the transfer of information without the authority or consent of the user or the system administrator (Crothers, 2002). The major roles of IDPS are to protect networks and computers from: Host based IDPS; Identifies intrusion on hosts and agents. They analyze the information such as calls, File systems and modifications application logs and other host information to detect and suppress attacks. Hybrid intrusion detection systems: Hybrid intrusion detection systems are more efficient and effective in detecting attacks and controlling them. They consist of a combination of several intrusion detection systems integrated into one device. The IDPS detects a given pattern corresponding to a known threat. The known events are those that were detected and are known to cause harm in the past. For example, an email with an attached file (freepics.Exe) is usually a characteristic of malwares, or an operating system log with code 645 that depict that the host is disenabled or a Telenet with user name 'root' that violates security policy.

Citationland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Citationland - Essay Example The citations aim to prove the underlying message of promoting and reinforcing women’s subjugation through teaching the centrality of marriage to women’s identities and destinies, as if marriage is the only thing that can and should make them feel happy and successful in life. Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella and she had two ugly step sisters who were very unkind who made her do all the hard work. She had to sweep the floors, do all the dishes, while they dressed up in fine clothes and went to lots of parties.1 One day a special invitation arrived at Cinderellas house. It was from the royal palace. The kings only son was a truly handsome prince was going to have a grand ball. Three girls were invited to come. Cinderella knew she wouldnt be allowed to go to the ball. But the ugly sisters, ho ho ho, they were excited. They couldnt talk about anything else.2 When the day of the ball came, they made such a fuss. Poor Cinderella had to rush about upstairs and downstairs. She fixed their hair in fancy waves and curls. She helped them put on their expensive new dresses. And she arranged their jewels just so. As soon as they had gone, Cinderella sat down by the fire and she said. "Oh I do wish I could go to the ball".3 The next moment, standing beside her was a lovely old lady with a silver wand4 in here hand. "Cinderella, she said " I am your fairy godmother and you shall go to the ball. But first you must go into the garden and pick a golden pumpkin, then bring me six mice from the mousetraps, a whiskered rat from the rat trap, and six lizards. Youll find the lizards behind the watering can. So Cinderella fetched a golden pumpkin, six grey mice, a whiskered rat, six lizards. The fairy godmother touched them with her wand and the pumpkin became a golden coach, the mice became six grey horses, the rat

Religious Interview with a Protestant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious Interview with a Protestant - Essay Example He is a youth ambassador in the local church, a mission that has nurtured him into a spiritual leader who inspires other youngsters into the ways of God. In matters of religion activities, Georges father always arranged special events at the church apart from the normal Christian holidays such as the Easter holiday and Christmas. The events involved different churches camping at the church and exchange of ideas in terms of building spiritualism, living in the ways of the Almighty as well as attempting examinations on the most important tenets of Christian life. The underlying mission for these events was to inculcate young and adult Christians with the virtues of the Lord that would bring to track the Christians who were shaken in spirit. The events were also important in venerating the name of the Lord and thanking Him for the gift of life. The events were enjoyable since there were musical instruments to play; feasting of all kind and the general euphoria of socializing was just intriguing. George was the lead youth in the youth group present at the event. The youngsters enjoyed in playing the different musical instruments while the elderly people read the Bible interpreted it and passed the interpretation to the youngsters. The examinations were taken by the youngsters present at the event after being taught and receiving the interpretation of the Bible verses from the elderly. The general mood was joyous, and so everyone enjoyed the activities according to Georges confessions. Georges current religious view is simply Christian. He is a staunch practicing Christian, who follows the Christian principles in all spheres of life. He is proud of being Christian and reveres the Almighty God according to the ways of Christianity. He is a believer in Christianity. George did not change in his religious affiliation since he was brought up in a Christian way of life.

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pollution - Essay Example By steps taken for eliminating toxic substances from production process and by diminishing production of harmful materials people can safeguard the environment and human health. Different forms of pollution Air pollution Air pollution can be caused when pollutants like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen and also materials like dust, smoke and compounds of lead are emitted directly into the atmosphere. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (49% to 55%), chlorofluorocarbons (14% to 25%), methane (12% to 18%), nitrous oxides and other gases (13% to 19%). Some natural sources of air pollution are volcanoes, forest fires, â€Å"oceans, swamps, lakes, vegetative matter and insects† (Faiz, Sinha, Walsh and Varma, 1990, p. 3). Other sources which are caused by human activities are fuel like coal and wood burning and most importantly transport which is a major contributor towards air pollution. All the pollutants get dispersed in th e air and pollution is measured by the mass of the pollutants per volume of air. This depends on a number of factors like quantity of emission, altitude and atmospheric conditions. Rain cleans the air which gets rid of harmful materials, but these substances can react with oxides of sulphur and nitrogen to produce acids which may cause damage to buildings, forests and water bodies. This is popularized as acid rain. Solar radiation can produce ozone which can disrupt the atmospheric balance near the ground. (Faiz, Sinha, Walsh and Varma, 1990, pp. 3-5) Air Pollution To reduce air pollution it is necessary to set the standard of ambient air quality. In US there are two sets of standards of air quality and they are primary and secondary. The primary standard of air quality is designed in the way to protect the health of human beings and for this purpose those people who are more easily affected by air pollution (viz. children and the elderly people) are taken into consideration. Second ary standard of air quality is designed for general public welfare. This includes air pollution effect on soil, water, crops, animals, climate, economy and human comfort (Faiz, Sinha, Walsh and Varma, 1990, p. 8). In 1970, Clean Air Act Amendments was enacted and it changed the structure of air pollution control in US. This Act was further amended in 1977 and it imposed restrictions on plants and factories in areas having clean air to avoid any damage to air quality. Public concern about air pollution increased in the late 1980s and numerous bills were passed to improve the existing air pollution regulatory measures and also to deal with new problems like acid rain and global warming. (Bailey, 1998, pp.78, 79) Oil Pollution It was the â€Å"Torrey Canyon† incident in 1967 which awakened the public in regard to oil pollution. Since then the Oil Pollution Compensation has seen numerous changes. The incident caused the public to make loud protests against oil pollution. This led to development of international conventions to provide compensation to those who bear the cost of cleaning up or to those who face pollution damages from continuous spill of hydrocarbon mineral oil from tankers. These international conventions were developed under International Maritime Organisation. (Azab, Shorbagy and Ghais, 2005, p.3) In the Arabian Gulf, concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) average to about 26 ug/l of surface water and about 5 ug/kg of the bottom. As there will be continuous rise of production and transportation of oil, the concentration of PH in water will keep on growing especially in water areas where there is maximum flow of traffic.

Skull identitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skull identitation - Essay Example In addition, the observed physical characteristics on the frontal view and the profile views were also taken into consideration. For instance, the jaws and other features present in these different skulls. This skull exhibits large supraorbital height index of approximately71 uv/tv. This almost matches the supraorbital size of Australopithecus africanus skull and Neanderthal skulls that are 70uv/tv and 70uv/tv respectively. An analysis on the nuchal ridge area was also taken it had a height of 39tw/tv. A comparison was then drawn with regard to the known varieties; there was closeness with the nuchal skull of Australopithecus africanus and Neanderthal that had a nuchal area of 38tw/tv and 37tw/tv respectively. A further measurement was done on the condylar position on the skull. It was found out that the condylar position index was 44xy/xz. When this was compared with known varieties of skulls; there was an exact match with the condylar index of Australopithecus africanus that was also 44xy/xz. To ascertain the identity of this skull, a further analysis was done and the physical characteristics of the skull and different traits were observed. The canine teeth were relatively smaller and the shape of the jaw was fully parabolic. These characteristic were shared with the skull of Australopithecus africanus. In general, this skull is possibly a skull of Australopithecus africanus The results revealed that the supraorbital height index of this skull is 66uv/tv which was relatively smaller compared to the first skull (Elbroch, 2006). Although, this exactly matches supraorbital size of Homo sapiens skull that is also 66uv/tv. Another study on the nuchal area height was also conducted and gave a height of 18tw/tv. It was observed that it was also smaller in size compared to that of the first skull but was closer to that of Australopithecus robustus. A

Comunity Pharmacy Practice Experience Assignment

Comunity Pharmacy Practice Experience - Assignment Example Having learned in class that this is the most important part in pharmacy work, I approached it with some fear and apprehension. The Manager, Cashier Meg and the other Staff were very encouraging, comforting and supportive. As I obtained the prescription and confronted the computer, I was relieved to know that the NexGen Computer System was easy to use. I went through the entire process of the Data Base Searching- Name of the Patient, Prescriber Search, Medication Search; clicking the appropriate information; and finally, printing the label. Determining the appropriate information and clicking it became easy because of my prior knowledge of medical terminologies, an exposure gained from POP 1-3 Classes; and, Methodologies in Patient Communication and Information Data Collection, as discussed in POP 6 Class. The handouts or materials distributed in POP 6 Class on the Legal Requirements of Prescription, Profile and Label; Ohio State Manner of Issuance of a Prescription; and, Labeling of Drugs Dispensed on Prescription really was a great help. The use of the computer and a computer system made the entire process very easy, fast and fun. The least enjoyable and most boring part of the Internship was the re-counting of tablets or pills, bagging, shelving and doing the inventory. I kept on thinking that I can do other things that were more important. Now, looking back I realize that I was doing an important task. I was being part of the team. If I didn’t do the work well, the pharmacy would suffer. I also realized that the tasks of making the inventory; and, shelving or returning medicine bottles to its proper shelves was only boring because I was already familiar with the generic and brand names. Knowledge I learned through the Listing of the Top Medicines distributed in Classes of POP 4-6. As to the re-counting of controlled medications before bagging; I had no difficulty identifying the controlled medications as I

Design Studio Overview Essay Example for Free

Design Studio Overview Essay Purpose The design studio component of this course aims to help you develop your collaborative design skills, as well providing setting to practice use the modelling techniques taught in the course. Each design studio will be based around a mini-case describing a realistic business scenario. You will work in groups to analyse the key business processes in each scenario and identify how technology can be used to improve those processes. Each week, group members will take on the roles of business analysts, systems analysts and project manager and work together to produce a system design using a specific modelling approach. The design phase will be followed by a critique phase that will give you experience in analysing other people’s designs, as well as helping you to improve your own designs. Agenda Each design studio will run for two hours, broken into the phases below. You will need to follow the timing to complete a sufficient proportion of the studio to use it for Assignment 1. 1. Group formation: (5 minutes) Groups should have 3-5 members. You should try to swap groups each week.   2. Role assignment: (5 minutes) Your group will need: a.  Business analysts: to identify the key business processes in the minicase b. Systems analysts: to identify which business processes can be improved by technology and how this can be achieved. c. A project manager: to manage the team and keep to the schedule You should try to swap roles each week 3. Requirements gathering (10 minutes): You will be provided with a printed mini-case each week, which you should use to develop your list of requirements. 4. Design (30 minutes): Create a system design using the required modelling technique. 5. BREAK (10 minutes) 6.  Design presentation (10 minutes per group including questions): Each group will be assigned a partner group. Each group needs to present their design to their partner group. 7. Critique preparation (20 minutes): Once you have studied another group’s design, prepare a critique of their design. Remember the rules of a good critique! Identify both strengths and weakness and suggest how the design can be improved. 8. Critique presentation (10 minutes per group including questions): Each group will present their critiques to their partner group.

Thomas Cook PESTEL Analysis

Thomas Cook PESTEL Analysis This report is going to analyse and evaluate the strategic fit of Thomas Cook plc and its critical success factors using analytical tools. The PESTEL Analysis is used to evaluate conditions in the Travel and Tourism market environment and how these conditions affect Thomas Cook plc and its competitors now and in the future. A porters five forces analysis will also be used to determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of the travel and tourism industry. Introduction Thomas Cook Travel Company was first started by its namesake in June of 1841 and has since become the worlds most recognisable name in the travel industry. The merger of Thomas Cook AG and My Travel Group plc on June 19th of 2007 produced Thomas Cook plc, making Thomas Cook the second largest leisure travel group in the UK behind TUI Travel plc its major competitor. Thomas Cook specialises in providing a wide range of package holidays to destinations. (Thomascook.com) INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS (Task A) PESTEL ANALYSIS The PESTEL frame work categorises environmental influences into six main types which are political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal (see appendix A). The PESTEL framework helps managers understand the key drivers of change and also the differential impact of these external influences and drivers on the industry, markets and individual organisations. (Johnson, Gerry, 2005). Political factors According to CIPD, coalition governments spending cuts are going to result in 0.7million job losses in the public sector. The travel and tourism industry is in the public sector; therefore their employees are faced with fears of redundancy. Announcement of redundancies will invariably have an adverse impact on morale, motivation and productivity of remaining employees. The negative effects can be reduced by sensitive handling of redundant employees and those remaining and to be as honest as possible with the remaining staff to gain back their trust and confidence. (cipd.co.uk) Economic factors are of concern to travel and tourism, because they may influence demand, costs, prices and profits. Package holidays are an income elastic business, as income decreases or rises; it can have a significant effect on the demand. Therefore looking ahead, public sector cuts are likely to have a major consequence on the travel and tourism industry. Social Factors Redundancies and other government cuts will potentially result in limited disposable income for consumers. According to Mintel, some 12% of consumers are spending nothing on non-essentials, with 35% describing themselves as very cautious, 30% as quite cautious, and only 5% as not at all cautious. This is because of the decrease in disposable income. If income decreases, then spending will become more cautious, especially on income elastic items such as package holidays, therefore reducing profit  margins for the travel industry. With all the package holidays in the UK, supply will remain very high as demand decreases forcing companies to reduce their prices. The spending cuts will mean that business executives will have to cut their budgets and most likely use low-cost travel planes such as Easy Jet and Rynair. Video conferencing is improving all the time, and the price has fallen to zero using online systems such as yahoo messenger, business may be forced to use this method to communicate to reduce their costs. This going to affect the travel industry a lot, executives provide business anytime of the year whilst holidays are seasonal. This will reduce customers. If classy seats are either vacant or earning less revenue, this means less departures or soaring economy class fares. Companies will also be forced to provide bargains for leisure travelers willing to upgrade to business class. Technological Factors The most powerful example technology is the emergence and improvement of the internet, which led to reduced costs and increased operational efficiency within the tourism agencies and airports. Because the internet is becoming better every day, its causing intimacy between tour operators and clients and improving contentment for both parties. Aside the internet, other major technologies that support the continuous growth of the tourism industry are those implemented by transportation, which is becoming safer, quicker and more pleasing. The technological implementations within tourism operations have led to changes in working behaviour and will also result an increase of demand for labour force, implying as such that educational institutions place more emphasis on teaching tourism. Environmental Factors Protecting the environment is one of the most talked about and sensitive matters today, making environmental responsibility part of the factors that determine a tour operators success. According to global warming 2020, aviation which ferries hundreds of thousands of tourists across the globe is of great concern to those seeking to protect the environment. A major concern for the industry is  greenhouse  gas  emissions and their implication for climate change. Aviation produces at least two percent of emissions. One way the aviation industry is working on this problem is by rolling out newer planes that have fuel efficient engines which means less carbon emissions. However not all airlines especially in the poorer countries can afford buying new aircraft. PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Porters five forces analysis (see appendix B) was developed to as a way of assessing the attractiveness of different industries. The five forces constitute an industrys structure. (Johnson, Gerry, 2008) Threats of substitutes The lack of disposable income and the effect of coalition government spending cuts are likely to change consumer spending habits, as a result with a significant shift in demand from luxury goods to inferior goods which are much more affordable, consumers are likely to shift to local and cheaper holidays and may choose to use trains (eurostar) or their cars to local holidays. Terrorism has affected the mentality of travellers and has made travelling more difficult and uncomfortable. People have to think about security issues from when they start packing to when they reach their destination, this will convince more travellers to use trains or holiday locally. This is however a moderate threat because customers usually prefer airlines because they are much quicker. Competitive Rivalry The Travel and tourism industry occupies a big segment of the business market and therefore provides many opportunities for tour operators; however its a very competitive industry. To be successful a package holiday company needs to discover the best fit between their individual skills, competencies and resources and external market characteristics to make sure that they stay on top of their game. Brand recognition and strength also determine the success of a company against its competitors, especially if times are tough in the economy. Negotiating powers of buyers Demand in package holiday industry is extremely elastic; this means that buyers will not just accept a given price by a package holiday company. Customers will use any information sources available to them such as the internet to look for better and exclusive deals available around, and with so many package holidays available in the UK, they are likely to find one and use a different company. As discussed above about the effect of economy on the travel industry, the powers of buyers are that they have a huge influence on the setting of prices in accordance with the prices which are around in the market. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS Critical success factors are used to identify key factors that a business needs to focus on to ensure that their business is successful. To survive and prosper, all industry participants must use an emergent strategy. Emergent strategy is a way of action that develops over time in an industry without a specific mission, goals or long-term plans. Emergent approaches should be thoroughly analysed in the context of an increasingly active, highly competitive and global business market. Influential external forces mentioned in the PESTEL analysis are pushing companies to reduce costs, improve processes and identify new opportunities for growth and an emergent strategy will help companies cope with these factors. An emergent approach leads to more creative and responsive strategy making which is well suited to the hyper-competitive and unpredictable environments such as the package holiday industry. It is more suited to instigating positive, transformational organisational change such as diversification or restructuring. It also has the added benefit of helping to reduce resistance to change as it allows time to build employee support while the strategy is taking shape. (powerfulwords.co.uk)

Pectinase Production Techniques

Pectinase Production Techniques PECTINASE PRODUCTION ABSTRACT Pectin is found naturally in many plants. Pectinase enzyme has ability to break down pectin. Pectinase production has varying important needs industrially. Hence the production of pectin is important. Pectinase production has developed with the help of genetic engineering and novel strains. Production of alkaline pectinase is more important industrially than the normal pectinase. INTRODUCTION Pectin is structural heteropolysaccharide having esterification to galacturonic acid [1]. It forms aÃŽ ±-1, 4 glycosidic bonds with arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose [1]. It is found in higher plants in the primary cell wall containing different composition of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses and proteins of microfibril that are cross linked which forms the hard tissue structure shape [1]. Pectinase is breaking down of pectin substances by enzymes [1]. It can be divided into different types like pectin esterases, pectin hydrolases, protopectinase and pectin lyases [1]. It can also be divided into alkaline and acid pectinase [1]. Pectin production has become industrially important because of its variety of applications like papermaking, extraction of natural products, textile degumming, juice extraction and clarification and so on [1]. Pectin is observed in plants in middle lamella and primary cell wall. Pectin has a characteristic of gelation which can be divided into high and low methoxy gelation. In 1825 scientist Henri Braconnot first isolated pectin. PECTINASE PRODUCTION USING: GENETIC ENGINEERING The generation of alkaline pectinase through genetic engineering takes place as follows. The first step is the chromosomal DNA separation from a strain used for producing alkaline pectinase, primer designing, and use of PCR to obtain target gene recombinant plasmid construction, Bacillus Subtilis as means of expression, gene sequence measurement and comparative analysis [2, 7, and 8]. By using this method the enzyme activity of the engineered bacteria in the fermentation liquid increased 22 times compared to normal starting strain and the yield achieved was 330U/ml [2]. After optimizing various culture conditions, the enzymatic activity of genetically engineered bacteria is 758.7825U/ml which is 50 times better than using original strain from Luria Bertani fermented media [8]. NOVEL STRAIN Sometimes micro-organisms strain having unique characteristic are used for pectinase production for maximum growth example Aspergillus niger give rise to novel acid pectinase PEC 2 [1]. Consider the strain Penicillium verruculosum TS63-9 have a gene sequence ITSrRNA which makes it useful in production [3]. During fermentation crude enzyme liquid is obtained which is then applicable for production of tobacco [3]. In another case novel strain like Paenibacillus is used for the production of alkaline pectinase [4]. The production takes place in such a way that paenibacillus SJN-PL0602 is first inoculated in the fermentation broth to get initial system of which OD 600 is 0.05 -0.15 [4]. The main fermentation shake cultivation takes place in two phase; in first at 30 -370C for 8 -12 hrs and in second phase at 22 – 260 C for 36- 40 hrs [4]. Red algae or brown red algae were used for the production of ultra pectinase as clearing agents for wine and juices, sometimes ultrapectinase are also extracted from seaweed or waste liquor discharged from seaweed [6].Bacillus subtilis was used for alkaline pectinase production in paper making industry [7]. Pichia pastoris GS115 is also used for alkaline production [9]. Bacillus cereus is used for industrial production of pectinase [10]. UNIQUE PROTEIN For the production of alkaline pectinase a protein Pel N having unique amino acid sequence was used [5]. This protein has enzyme activity of 4590 – 4950 U/mg for degrading polygalacturonic acid, has better heat stability and heat preservation of 120 min at 450C gives 90% of relative heat stability [5]. The optimum temperature is 650 C and p H value of 9.8 [5]. ULTRA PECTINASE The production of ultra pectinase was done in order to replace pectinase and it is nonbiological [6]. Since pectinase is used as clarifying agent it was necessary to replace pectin on industrial scale [6]. The major advantage of ultra pectinase are the raw material are cheap, low investment, process takes place without heating, product output is higher, impurities are isolated, less moisture content is les and it takes place in less than 30 mins than the traditional method of 48 mins [6]. ALKALINE PECTINASE The general steps that are followed during the production of alkaline pectinase the bacterial strain are selected for selective breeding, these strains are cultured, fermentation takes place through shaking and the enzyme liquid preparation takes place [2, 7, and 8]. The production of alkaline pectinase has optimized the culture condition method and they are; the fermentation medium is optimized by taking a single fact experiment, the target strain is optimized by using methods of response surface to get strain of target, the culture condition in the medium is optimized so that the fermentation condition for the target strain is optimized [8]. In a same way nucleotide sequence of alkaline pectinase pel1685s is optimized, this is done by amplification using PCR, transformation and ligation of the pel168 gene [9]. Industrial production of pectinase also takes place in same way as production of alkaline pectinase for high enzyme activity [10]. It’s an advantage in for having high enzyme activity for industrial pectinase production; fermentation period is short, cost is low, time taken is short and stable [10]. APPLICATION OF PECTINASE PRODUCTION Pectin as an enzyme is used industrially for various application some of the specific areas are as follows: Papermaking pulping After pickling treatment the raw material is soaked with alkaline pectinase. The chemical extract prepared has favorable strength and property, after bleaching and chlorine treatment the plump has whiteness of 80-90%, there is 20-40% decrease in alkali consumption and the cost of production is also decreased 20% [7]. Degumming When pectin is used for fiber blast degumming there is about 80% waste reduced, the ration of the finished is about 65%, the ratio of fiber dispersion is 100%there is almost no fiber strength destruction, also the defect in gum ratio is low, the time taken for degumming is also less [10]. Juice making and clarification Pectin is normally found in most of the fruits. Pectin is used in juice clarification in the following way plant material to be provided, plant material need to be chopped and crushed into smaller pieces, taking this small piece and contacting it with pectinase with further clarifies the juice [11]. Also sometimes low temperature pectinase are generated for the production of apple juice. Penicillium aculeatum is used for the generation of low temperature pectinase with the help of shaddock peel powder which acts as a carbon source for clarification of fresh apple juice. The medium used for fermentation is as follows anhydrous CaCl2 0.01%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 0.2% , peptone 0.5-2% and shaddock peel powder 0.5-2% the p H of medium is maintained at 5.5. a clear apple juice is obtained with the help of fermentation condition like time taken is 75-147 hrs, the inoculums size is 2%, the temperature is maintained at 300 C, the speed of rotation at 3-30 rpm. In these conditions the pectinase of low temperature react with the apple juice at 100, 200 and 300 for 2 hrs to give clarified apple juice [12]. Processing of soybean Pectinase produced by organism bacillus is used in soybean production. The processes takes place in such a way that first the soaking of soybean in water takes place which is further steamed, cooled and allowed to react with pectinase. This is held for some time period agitated further for enzyme treatment. Now slurry is generated from that single cell of soybean is taken and dispersed and the pectinase is inactivated. It is further dried to get soybean powder [13]. CONCLUSION Different production methods of pectinase have been studied. The super or ultra pectinase production method for clearing agents in juices using seaweeds. The use of genetically engineered bacteria for the production of alkaline pectinase and the different optimization methods of culture conditions for the production. The nucleotide sequence used for the production of alkaline pectinase is also optimized. The applications of pectinase especially in the papermaking industry. The production of low temperature pectinase in juice clearing at low temperatures. Specific gene code, nucleotide and protein used for the production of pectinase are used for industrial production of alkaline pectinase.

Othello :: English Literature Essays

Othello In William Shaspeare play Othello, Iago make Othello believe that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. He does by taking advantage of any situation to make of Othello doubt. Iago make Othello thing a lot of crazy thing on his head, Othello got so jelous leading him to kill his own wife, Desdemona, satisfying iago obseccion for revenge. The Reason why Iago develop such as evil plan is because Iago suspect that Othello is having an affair with his wife Emilia. He cited when he said "And it is thought abroad that 'twist my sheets he's done my office." The irony behind this line is that he then says, "I know not if't be true, but I, for mere suspicion in that kind, will do as if for surety." That mean, He is not sure that Othello is having an affair with his wife but he will pay anyhow, this show that Iago is so blind with his jealousy that he will do anything on his reach to make Othello for such act no sure committed. Iago elaborates a master plan to get Cassio position as a lieutenant. Iago get Cassio drunk so he could fight Roderigo. Othello then discharge Cassio from the lieutenant position when he says, How must poor Cassio have felt? To lose all he had worked for, working up his reputation that any half-hearted human can tell he earned and deserved. Iago know that Othello who ask him about the deed because of he fame of being a honest man. Iago tell Othello about the deed winning his trust that is when Iago starts to crab Othello by his weak point his Love for Desdemona. The first part of the plant start when Cassio is drunk, and cassio but the plan begin to develop a little more when Cassio is dismissed from his position. Cassio sad because he reputation has gone under the hill with the act the he committed unfortunately Iago uses Cassio as a puppet to go ahead with his evil plan. Iago suggest Cassio to try to speak with Desdemona to Convince Othello. Iago knows that Desdemona it a very naà ¯ve woman and she will be a very valuable piece to continue his evil game. At the castle ground, Cassio meet with Desdemona and exhorted her to ask Othello to take him back. Situation that Iago utilized to his advantages Iago put ideas

Essay --

Revolutionary War Essay There were so many famous spies that were involved in the revolutionary war, and helped tremendously. The British and the Colonist had spies that did work against each side. Benjamin Franklin was not only an inventor he was also a spy he went to England multiple times and spied on parliament for the Colonist. His family was loyal to the crown so he could get in and out without being suspicious or raising any alarm. Nathan Hale was also a major spy who made a difference in the war. He only had one mission as a spy, because he was caught. His occupation was being a school teacher in England, while being the school teacher he would collect his notes on what he saw that would help the Colonist. As he was going to a meeting to give the information he wrote down to the Americans he was caught. He thought that the boat arriving was the Americans when really it was the British, and when they stopped for him they searched him. While searching him they found the papers with the inform ation he collected from spying and was arrested. He was then sentenced to hang the next day, and his tragic death would inspire the nation as he was more a martyr then a spy. Then we can’t forgot the most famous and traitorous British spy Benedict Arnold. Congress made Benedict Arnold angry, and he decided to trade secretly with the British. He was very helpful to the British, because he was close to Washington. His mailman was then found eventually with a letter to the British general, and was beheaded. Arnold then heard of his mailman’s death, so he fled to England and was awarded for his services. Men weren’t the only ones spying there were also women spies. There was a woman named Miss Jenny who was a British ... ...hen she would do her laundry if she left a white sheet up, then it meant there was a letter to be picked up. These spies used so many different codes and strategies that were very difficult to interpret, and kept them in the dark from the country they were spying on. Spies had to have amazing memorization skills, because of the codes. Types of coded writing were numbers that stood for different meanings like certain numbers would mean George Washington, fort, attack etc. The spies would also have silver containers that could be swallowed to keep the information from being found at blockades. That takes some serious dedication, because swallowing a silver container could be detrimental to their health. These spies went to extreme measures to not get caught, and if they were they would rarely break and give up the information and that takes determination.

Delivering Moral Messages in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been a

Delivering Moral Messages in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and A Good Man is Hard to Find School shootings, bombings, rape, and murder are words that are commonly seen in newspaper headlines and heard on the morning news. To most people these acts seem like senseless violence. However, writers like Joyce Carol Oates and Flannery O’Connor use these same violent images to deliver a powerful moral message. Their stories â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† and â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† are very comparable in the lessons that they teach. Joyce Carol Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† begins with the introduction of it’s main character, Connie, a fifteen year- old girl. Oates makes Connie’s vanity quiet well know by telling the reader that Connie has the â€Å"habit of craning her neck to glance into mirrors†. Indeed, it is this vanity and Connie’s innocence that places her right in the path of Arnold Friend. Arnold will confirm this by telling Connie that there is nothing else for â€Å"a pretty girl like you but to be sweet and give in.† In fact, critics generally interpret this story as Connie’s initiation into evil. What’s in a name? If you’re talking about one of Joyce Carol Oates’s characters, a name can say a lot. Arnold Friend’s name can be interpreted as â€Å"aren’t no friend† or â€Å"A. Friend† (Johnson 150). Either way his is a demonic figure that represents the death of Connie’s spirit. In fact, Arnold Friend is based on a serial killer know as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson.† As Oates reports, this â€Å"tabloid psychopath† specialized in â€Å"the seduction and occasional murder of teenage girls† (Wesley). The Pied Piper was in his thirties; yet, he managed to counterfeit teenage dress, talk, and behavior. He also stuffed rags into his leather boots to give him height. These elements of the Pied Piper’s behavior are very obvious in Oates’s portrayal of Arnold Friend (Johnson 148). Joyce Carol Oates dedicated â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† to Bob Dylan. His song â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue† was her inspiration. The many lines from Dylan’s song obviously influenced the story (see appendix A). The vagabond who’s rapping at your door Is standing in clothes that you once wore. However, the mood and tone of the story also reveal more subtle connections (Davidson). â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† has ... ... and The Misfit play similar demonic roles and serve as a reminder that evil can come in many forms. They both violently lead their victims to make religious epiphanies. The price paid for their spiritual rebirth is an immediate death. Both Flannery O’Connor and Joyce Carol Oates have been criticized for their violent writings. However, the acts portrayed in their stories aren’t senseless. They are meant to show the purification of the involved characters. Also, they serve as a catharsis or reassurance of faith for the reader. Works Cited Davidson, Rob. Dedication of Joyce Carol Oates’s Short Story to Dylan. 16 Mar. 2000 . Friedman, Melvin L., and Clark, Beverly Lyon. Critical Essays on Flannery O’Connor. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1985. Johnson, Greg. Joyce Carol Oates: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne, 1994. Portch, Stephen R. â€Å"O’Connor’s ‘A Good Man Is Hard to Find’.† The Explicator 37 (1978): 19-20. Schott, Webster. â€Å"Flannery O’Connor: Faith’s Stepchild.† The Nation 201 (1965): 142-44, 146. Wesley, Marilyn C. â€Å"The Transgressive Other in Joyce Carol Oates’s Recent Fiction.† Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction XXXIII (1992): 255-62.

Malden Mills

The case of the Malden Mills fire poses many important questions related to ethics. At first look, a CEO paying his employees continually after his mill burned down seems to be the model for ethical behavior. However, when one looks deeper into the case and asks questions it is not so obvious. The first question that needs to be answered is what the factual circumstances of the case are. Malden Mills was a factory located in Lawrence, Massachusetts that specialized in making a high tech fleece called Polartec.The company was relatively successful in its industry until the factory was destroyed by a fire in 1995. After the fire, the company’s CEO Aaron Feuerstein declared that he would continue to pay his employees their normal wages for at least one month.In the end he paid the employees for longer than that and spent around 15 million dollars paying the employees while the new mill was being built. Feuerstein built the new mill for a cost of 400 million. He gambled that the m oney from the insurance company and expanded Polartec business would cover this cost.However, Malden Mills only received 300 million from the insurance company and the Polartec sales did not rise as Feuerstein had projected. The company was forced to claim bankruptcy in 2001 and Feuerstein lost control of the company to GE Capital in 2003. A second important issue related to this case is what the ethical issues are. In the case of Malden Mills, the main ethical dilemma was whether to keep paying the company’s employees or have a massive layoff. This dilemma was a mix of personal and business problems.Part of the problem was personal because the company was located in a small town where a majority of the residents worked at the mill. Because most of the people in the town worked there, the company had the feeling of a family business and the workers truly felt like family to Feuerstein.The family atmosphere made it a tough decision for Feuerstein when it came to making a decis ion after the fire. He knew that keeping his employees on the payroll could lead to a bad outcome for the business, but he felt like he owed it to his workers to keep them employed. The other part of the problem for Feuerstein was business related.Rebuilding the company after the fire was going to be a difficult proposition and that would only be made more difficult if Malden Mills had to keep paying its workers. In the end, Feuerstein had to decide if it was worth risking the future of his company to make sure that the workers he saw as family were paid as he tried to rebuild Malden Mills.In order to see why the case developed as it is, it is important to take a look at who the primary stakeholders and decisions makers were in the case. Once these people have been identified, one must look at their ethical perspective and see why they would make the decision that they did.In this case, there are three main stakeholders. They are Feuerstein, The Board of Directors and the Employees. Of these stakeholders, Feuerstein is the only one who is faced with an ethical dilemma in the case that affects the other stakeholders.Feuerstein was a devout Orthodox jew, and this helped form his ethical perspective. He believed that people would be judged on more than just how successful they were. He believed that people would be judged on how well they treated others and that he personally would be judged on the good that he brought to the world and not the money that his company made.One can see how his beliefs could lead him to make a decision that would be best for the good of his employees and not necessarily as good for the other stakeholders. Throughout the case, there are a couple of ethical standards being applied.The two standards are virtue ethics and Utilitarianism. Feuerstein applies virtue ethics when he decides that he wants to do what is good and right for his employees. This fits in with the virtuous idea of character traits that represent a good and meaningful life, which is what Feuerstein is trying to accomplish.Feuerstein is not only trying to be good to his employees, he is trying to do what could end up being best for all of the stakeholders. Feuerstein was applying the idea of Utilitarianism by trying to accomplish the best outcome for all parties when he gambled that a larger plant would be good for the company.Of these two ethical standards, Feuerstein’s first priority was virtue ethics and second priority was Utilitarianism. The final ethical choice that was decided on by Feuerstein was to keep paying his workers while the mill was closed and to try and build a bigger factory so his workers might have a better future.Feuerstein made this decision because he truly believed that his first responsibility as CEO was to go good by his workers even if that meant a possibility of failure. This approach was very popular with the workers and in the community, which relied on money from the mill to thrive.The author of this case ha s a couple questions of her own. One of the questions was whether or not is was bad luck that the Polartec business went downhill because of a warm winter or if it was a mistake to build such a larger plant in the first place. The answer to this question is both.In retrospect it was a mistake to build a large factory that could not survive a drop and business, but without that warm winter it is possible that the Polartec business could continue to grow and that the larger factory would have been a good idea.Another question that the author poses is whether or not Feuerstein’s generosity to his employees after the fire ultimately led to the bankruptcy of the company. In this case, the answer seems to be no. The 15 million dollars that was paid to the employees is small compared to the 100 million dollar gap between the cost of the new factory and the insurance payment received.The gamble to build a larger factory is what really caused problems for the company because it was ne ver able to cover the cost of the plant when the Polartec business went downhill. In the end, Feuerstein will be remembered by most people as a virtuous man who put his employees before making a profit.The question still remains if he really made the best choices for his employees. Other choices may have kept the plant from bankruptcy and given the employees more secure future. Feuerstein did what he believed was right and ultimately it did not work out for Malden Mills.

Nationalism After the War of 1812 Essay

After the war of 1812, a surge of nationalism spread everywhere throughout America. Having unofficially won the war without even an official army, the people of America became very proud of themselves and how their great country established such a feat. The nationalism grew until John Marshall, an aggressive Chief Justice, further strengthened and expanded it. He was a devout Federalist appointed by John Adams years before his most famous case of Marbury vs. Madison in 1803. Being a Federalist he was a great rival to Thomas Jefferson. He served until 1835 and was the forth Supreme Court Justice. His only legal schooling was six weeks attending lectures at the College of William and Mary, however when he took the bench in 1801, he changed the Judicial Branch as we know it. In fact, he made the branch the most powerful section of the government at that time. Read more: How do checks and balances guard against tyranny essay His most significant early case was the famous Marbury v. Madison in 1803, which established the right of the court to declare the actions of local, state or federal governments invalid if they violate the Constitution. This process of declaring actions void was called Judicial Review and it made the Court equally as powerful as the legislative and executive branches of government. Another important case was Martin vs. Hunter’s Lessee in 1816. The ruling by Marshall declared that the power of the Supreme Court extended to the State Courts. The court now had the right to directly review other courts decisions. Yet another case, Cohens vs. Virginia strengthened this right and extended the reach of the court all the way to the citizens of the U.S. and states. Marshall’s court became more and more powerful until it got the right to review almost all lower court decisions. The famous Fletcher vs. Peck case ruled (in 1810) that the Supreme Court had the right to void State laws. The details behind the case were as follows: The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a deal with the Yazoo Land Company. It seemed suspicious so the company was taken to court. A subsequent legislative session repealed the grants because of the  corruption that had accompanied the original grant. The Supreme Court, with Marshall presiding, decided that the original action by the Georgia Assembly had constituted a valid contract, which could not be broken regardless of the corruption. This was the very first time that a State law was voided because it went against the Constitution. Then, after the war of 1812 Marshall issued more decisions that strengthened the federal government and Federalist ideas. In the McCulloch vs. Maryland case, Marshall ruled that the state did not have the right to tax or regulate banks. This also encouraged economic expansion and development. In the Dartmouth vs. Woodward case it was declared that the states had no right to alter or impair contracts unilaterally. It also promoted business development. The last important case was Gibbons vs. Ogden, which further strengthened federal power by ruling that the Constitution had specifically given Congress the power to regulate commerce. Under John Marshall, the Supreme Court gained enough power to surpass the power of the other branches of the government. He also declared many laws and rulings that America still follows and lives under even today. Either way, he changed the Judicial branch forever, especially at that time and the world has never seen a more intelligent man presiding.

Project Planning

ISM 654 Case – DU Singer Hospital Products Corp. (Adapted from Meredith and Mantel) D. U. Singer Hospital Products Corp. has done sufficient new product development at the research and development level to estimate a high likelihood of technical success for a product of assured commercial success: A long-term antiseptic. Management has instructed Singer’s Antiseptic Division to make a market entry at the earliest possible time; they have requested a complete plan up to the startup of production.Project responsibility is assigned to the division’s research and development group; Mike Richards, the project scientist who developed the product is assigned responsibility for project management. Assistance will be required from other parts of the company: Packaging task force, R&D group, Corporate engineering, and Corporate purchasing. Mike was concerned about the scope of the project. He knew from his own experience that a final formula had yet to be developed, althou gh such development was really a â€Å"routine† function.The remaining questions had to do with color, odor, and consistency additives rather than any performance-related modification. Fortunately, the major regulatory issues had been resolved and he believed that submission of regulatory documentation would be followed by rapid approval as they already had a letter of approval contingent on final documentation. Mike was concerned about defining the project unambiguously. To that end, he obtained an interview with S. L. Mander, the group vice-president.When he asked Mander where his responsibility should end, the executive turned the question back to him. Mike had been prepared for this and said that he would like to regard his part of the project as done when the production process could be turned over to manufacturing. They agreed that according to Singer practice, this would be when the manufacturing operation could produce a 95% yield of product (fully packaged) at a leve l of 80% of the full production goal of 10 million liters per year. But I want you to remember,† said Mander, â€Å"that you must meet all current FDA, EPA, and OSHA regulations and you must be in compliance with our internal specification – the one I have got is dated September and is RD78/965. And you know that manufacturing now – quite rightly, I feel – insists on fully documented procedures. † After this discussion, Mike felt that he had enough information about this aspect to start to pin down what had to be done to achieve these results. His first step in this effort was to meet with P. H. Docent, the director of research. You are naive if you think that you can just start right in finalizing the formula,† said Docent. You must first develop a product rationale (a). This is a formally defined process according to company policy. Marketing expects inputs at this stage, manufacturing expects its voice heard, and you will have to have appro vals from every unit of the company that is involved. You should have no trouble if you do your homework, expect to spend a good eight weeks to get this done. † â€Å"That certainly stretches things out,† said Mike. I expected to take 12 weeks to develop the ingredient formula (b) and you know that I can’t start to establish product specifications (c ) until the formula is complete. That’s another 3 weeks. † â€Å"Yes, but while you are working on the product specifications you can get going on the regulatory documentation (d). Full internal specifications are not required for that work, but you can’t start those documents until the formula is complete. † â€Å"Yes, and I find it hard to believe that we can push through both preparation of documents and getting approval in 3 weeks, but Environmental swears it can be done. â€Å"Oh, it can be done in this case because of the preparatory work. Of course, I won’t say that this est imate of 3 weeks is as certain as our other estimates. All we need is a change of staff at the Agency and we are in trouble. But once you have both the specifications, and the approval, you can immediately start on developing the processing system (g). † â€Å"Yes, and how I wish we could get a lead on that, but the designers say that there is too much uncertainty and they won't move until they have both specifications and regulatory documentation and approval.They are offering pretty fast response; six weeks from start to finish for the processing system. † â€Å"They are a good crew, Mike. And of course, you know that you don't have to delay on starting the packaging segment of this project. You can start developing the packaging concept (e) just as soon as the product rationale has been developed. If my experience is any judge, it will take a full eight weeks; you'll have to work to keep the process from running forever. † â€Å"But as soon as that is finishe d we can start on the design of the package and its materials (f) which usually takes about six weeks.Once that is done we can start on the packaging system (h) which shouldn't take longer than eight weeks,† concluded Mike. At this point he realized that although Docent would have general knowledge, he needed to talk directly to the Director of Manufacturing. â€Å"The first step, which follows the completion of the development of processing and packaging systems,† said the Director of Manufacturing, â€Å"is to do a complete study of the facilities requirements (i). You won't be able to get that done in less than four weeks.And that must precede the preparation of the capital equipment list (j) which should take about three-quarters as long. Of course, as soon as both the process system and packaging system are completed, you could start on preparing the written manufacturing procedures (q). † â€Å"But, said Mike, â€Å"Can I really finish the procedures befo re I have installed and constructed the facilities (p)? † â€Å"No, quite right. What you can do is get the first phase done, but the last phase will have to wait for the installation and construction. â€Å"Then this means that I really have two phases for the writing, that which can be completed without the installation and construction (q), which will take seven weeks, and that which has to wait for those inputs (q? ) which will require 3 weeks. † â€Å"True. Now you realize that the last thing you have to do is to run the equipment in a pilot test  ® which will show that you have reached a satisfactory level? † â€Å"Yes. Since that must include debugging, I've estimated a six-week period as adequate. † The director of manufacturing assented. Mike continued, â€Å"What I'm not sure of is whether we can run all the installation tasks in parallel. â€Å"

Marketing and Fitness Center Essay

Our fitness is located in Cockeysville, Maryland, and provides fitness services to people of all age, level, and expertise. The main purpose of â€Å"Our Fitness† is to promote healthy lifestyles by providing knowledge on nutrition and exercising habits. â€Å"Our Fitness† is well known for it’s excellent services and aims to extend the business by providing two additional services. First, we will start fitness classes for people above 55 years old. These fitness classes are conducted to provide a comfortable environment for people above 55 to promote exercising habits and healthy lifestyles. Second, our fitness center will have our own restaurant next to the fitness center specifically designed for the members. Our fitness center’s restaurant will provide low fat, low calorie, and high protein and fiber food specially designed for promoting healthy eating habits. Strategically, Our fitness’s primary market target will consist of people over 55 and mostly retirees. Our secondary target market includes college and high school students. a. Three ways that determined these products and/or services would be the most feasible and potentially profitable for the company to add are: 1. Placement 2. Trends 3. IS the profit margin large enough to make money but small enough for your â€Å"target audience† to afford? Placement Placement or location is one of the most important factors in attracting and retaining customers. Everybody prefers easier and more convenient way to purchase products or services. Therefore, â€Å"Our Fitness† uses the placement approach to connect the products and services with the customer by making services and products more convenient and more accessible to the customers. Our fitness is located in the business area as well as densely populated  residential area with three different universities and one community college. On the other hand, there are only two fitness centers in the area with very expensive membership and maintenance service fees. Overall, this fitness center will be in the center of public places. At the same time, Our fitness center’s restaurant will be only one diet concerned restaurant in the area. Therefore, using competitive advantage through the introduction of two new services will help to retain old members as well as to attract new members in the area. 2. Trends People want to live longer and look good following healthy habits. It is very important to identify the market trends to assess the market potential. Understanding the market trends helps to respond according to customer behaviors as well as to develop sustainability. On the other hand, it also helps to analyze our competition and market potential. Different fitness centers are using different approaches to attract new members as well as to retain existing members. We have to understand that new members want new services. It is not possible to satisfy the consumers without understanding their needs. There is a fierce competition in the market to increase customer satisfaction by introducing new products/services. At the same time, there are many unsatisfied consumers who always change producers or owners because of unsatisfactory service or products. In our case, we even lost many members because of same services since last couple of years. So, we introduce our products/services as a result of customer survey and market research. Our market research and survey strategy will play a vital role to grow our target market in the future. 3.Is the profit margin large enough to make money but small enough for your â€Å"target audience† to afford? The profit margin is large enough to make money because we have young people who spend a great amount of money on food. You also have the retirees who spend a huge amount of money on good health. Also, these days people are more health conscious and follow healthy habits. Exercising and healthy eating are the main priorities of many people. The target audience will be able to afford it because it is a comfortable environment that promotes exercising habits and a healthy lifestyle which allows positive energy to follow. b. Competitive advantage is created through the understanding of your competitors and their products and services. One of the competitive advantages of Our Fitness is fitness classes especially designed for people over 55 as well as restaurant service for members with unique menus and special price. All fitness centers provide classes and specialty training but many do not have classes that target an older age audience. We want our members to feel more comfortable working out and training with people of the same experience level. On the other hand, people over 55 are the ones who spend more money on healthcare, and we aim to reduce their healthcare costs by engaging them with age specific and specialty classes. Our on site restaurant will provide nutrition rich health foods and diet services to members as well as other guests. It will be restricted to members only after one or two years, because we are using the restaurant as advertising to increase membership. A2. I will focus on newspapers for advertising, which reach a broad, geographically-targeted market. These ads will be focused to attract people who are 55 or older because they rely heavily on newspapers. Newspaper advertising is low-cost and involves short timelines. At the same time, this type of marketing channel will reach the total circulation, even if only a portion fits our prospective profile. I will also use Facebook as a marketing tool; Facebook is still, far and away, the most popular, with the most evenly-distributed demographics of any social media platform. Facebook is the only social media platform that you need, no matter what field your business is in. The main reason to use Facebook to advertise is the use of Facebook by all age people. In addition to ease of use, Facebook ads and business pages are cost effective, reliable, and very quickly disseminated to all users. Finally, we will rely heavily on word-of-mouth advertising, as personal reviews are often the most trusted form of information. This marketing tool can also be used to reach the secondary market, visiting colleges and advertising our job opportunities as well as membership benefits. A3. Price is the value that you exchange for a product or service. Pricing objectives should align with the company’s goals and can be affected by factors such as competition, consumer reaction, and other regulatory requirements. Generally, other fitness centers charge $59 per month as service fee and $55 per personal training class in the area. So, we need to provide service for lower prices than our competitors. On the other hand, it is very important to understand the demand of product or services before pricing because there is a direct relationship between price and demand. Our main pricing objective is to maximize the revenue and quantity. This objective helps to maximize long-term profits by lowering costs and increasing market share. Penetration pricing will be used to maximize the sales of quantity by means of a low price. First, we will cut the one time member fee for all new members, so that they have to pay monthly fee only, which will be $39.99 per month. At the same time, for new members and existing members, who are 55 years or older, will have to pay only $15 per fitness class. The price may be gradually increased after establishing market share and customer loyalty. We will use cost-plus pricing method because it makes easier to calculate the selling price for our services/products. Since, our production cost per membership per month is $20.00, and $4 per fitness class. Therefore, our profit per person in membership is $20 and $11 in fitness class per person. Our goal is to add 100 new members in the first month and increase to 500 within next six months. Therefore, our revenue will increase by $2000 from membership in the first month. Similarly, we will provide competitively cheaper price for foods and drinks comparing to local restaurants. We will also offer promotional pricing, discounts and coupons for the restaurant and fitness center to attract more customers. Our overall goal will be to maximize the number of consumers to increase the quantity of sale. If we can maximize the number of consumers, then we can maximize the revenue as well as profit. A4. Customer relationship management (CRM) is the combination of technologies, strategies, and practices used by companies to manage customer interactions and improve customer relationship. The main goal of CRM is to improve  business relationships with customers by retaining customer retention and increasing sales growth. Ngai stated that â€Å"the purpose of CRM system is the building of relationships in order to affect the customer acquisition, retention, loyalty and profitability† (Ngai, 2005). I would like to use Salesforce as CRM system. Salesforce is a cloud-based CRM system, and doesn’t need special installation and hardware. This system can be very cost effective by keeping IT cost low. CRM system like Salesforce can track the history of customer interactions and helps to grow our business. The system track includes calls, emails, presentations, meetings, or even the further step to close the deal. Salesforce can also track the deal details including the worth, competitor, and the stage of deal with automatic deal updates at a glance to close the deal. Salesforce can drive the process, productivity, and consistency by using sales app to map the sales and forecasting stages. It is equiped with quoting capabilities to track the quantity, standard and quoted price, product code, and expected sales in a given period. In addition, company’s e-mail, phone or website can be used to track customer inquiries and history of their activities. Salesforce provides customer relationship data with automatic updated instant access of full customer history of all communications. It also helps to create customized pitch documents about consumers and prospects and can focus sales staff’s attention on the right consumers. Cross-selling and up-selling opportunities become clear through better understanding of consumers and increase their satisfaction. Satisfied consumers are likely to become loyal consumers and common referrals. It can also be beneficial to the customer because it can provide email updates, alerts, referrals, discount coupons, and special events and promotions. Overall, Salesforce tracking system will be very useful in controlling and managing the inquiries and sales of products and services. A5. It is not possible to open any new business without incurring risks, and opening a new restaurant with established fitness center is no different. Financial risk is one of the most difficult risks associated with any new business. â€Å"Financial risk has been defined as any risk that has a direct impact on net cash flows† (Cabedo and Tirado, 2004). This includes problems  related to price, credit, inflation, liquidity, and potential losses due to changes in financial markets and defaulting large scale debtors (Meulbrook, 2000). There are also risks with opening a new restaurant. Our Fitness center require a large amount of capital upon opening, in order to hire additional staff, purchase high-end fitness equipment, and advertise the restaurant to local fitness and healthy food seekers. Personal injury is another significant risk of operating a gym and adding fitness classes especially to people of 55 or older who are more prone to injury. Aside from the legal aspect, injuries in our gym could cause a bad reputation, particularly if they are recurring. It is critical to maintain a good reputation to sell our fitness services and get people into our restaurant. At the same time, improving the quality of our existing services along with adding new specialty services and products is very critical, and is one of the most important aspects of business. Factors such as product contamination, product safety, business integrity, and failure to maintain high standards, may reduce demand for our business. The reputation of the company plays a vital role in our forward progress. Therefore, poor product quality or services may damage our reputation and could limit business activities as well as increase our operating costs. On the other hand, there is always a risk of substitute of products and services in the market. It is very important to study the market and meet consumer needs before launching any new business. A6. The most common risk associated with not launching the new products or services will be the lack of competitive advantage at the Our Fitness center.  Introducing new services and opening a new restaurant will provide the competitive advantage that we seek and will help to expand the business and satisfy existing members. Customer preferences and tastes change with time, it is necessary to meet their needs and tastes to increase the demand for our products/services. Therefore, the new restaurant will aim to compliment our new services/products and satisfy consumer demands. If we are unable to launch the new services/products into the market and meet the consumer needs, then it will not only negatively affect Our Fitness’s financial performance but it may increase by operating costs, and change  consumer perceptions about our existing services Innovation can be a key differentiator between Our Fitness and our rivals. Therefore, if Our Fitness will not launch new services then, it might run the risk of losing ground to competitors, losing key staff, decreased membership, or simply operating inefficiently. As a whole, Our Fitness financial performance could be adversely affected without new products/services, and in the end lead to its closure. References Cabedo, J. D. and Tirado, J. M. (2004), â€Å"The disclosure of risk in financial statements†, Accounting Forum, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 181-200. Meulbrook, L. (2000), Total strategies for company-wide risk control, Financial Times, London. Ngai. 2005. Customer relationship management research. Marketing intelligence & planning, 23 (6): 582-605. he Feasibility Study’s Purpose ï‚ · Evaluate the nature, scale and economics of constructing an indoor recreation center within the Area ï‚ · Identify the potential audience/supporting membership of an indoor recreation center within the Area ï‚ · Assess what amenities/programming would be most logical to provide as part of a recreation center ï‚ · Explore the physical characteristics of various sites on which the recreation center could be constructed 1 Evaluate potential funding sources available to support short-term and long-term Recreation Center alternatives